Requests初步


阶段大纲:
一. 爬虫
1. 基本操作
- 登录任意网站(伪造浏览器的任何行为)
2. 性能相关
- 并发方案:
- 异步IO: gevent/Twisted/asyncio/aiohttp
- 自定义异步IO模块
- IO多路复用:select
3. Scrapy框架
介绍:异步IO:Twisted
- 基于Scrapy源码自定义爬虫框架
- 使用Scrapy

二. Tornado框架(异步非阻塞)
1. Tornado的基本使用
- 小示例
- 自定义组件
2. Tornado源码剖析

3. 自定义异步非阻塞框架 select实现


1. 爬虫基本操作
a. 爬虫
- 定向
- 非定向

b.
需求一:
下载页面:
http://www.autohome.com.cn/news/

筛选:
正则表达式

========== 开源模块 ==========

1. requests
pip3 install requests

response = requests.get('http://www.autohome.com.cn/news/')
response.text


总结:

response = requests.get('URL')
response.text
response.content
response.encoding
response.aparent_encoding
response.status_code
response.cookies.get_dict()


requests.get('http://www.autohome.com.cn/news/',cookie={'xx':'xxx'})

2. beautisoup模块
pip3 install beautifulsoup4

from bs4 import BeautiSoup
soup = BeautiSoup(response.text,features='html.parser')
target = soup.find(id='auto-channel-lazyload-article')
print(target)

总结:
soup = beautifulsoup('<html>...</html>',features='html.parser')
v1 = soup.find('div')
v1 = soup.find(id='i1')
v1 = soup.find('div',id='i1')

v2 = soup.find_all('div')
v2 = soup.find_all(id='i1')
v2 = soup.find_all('div',id='i1')

obj = v1
obj = v2[0]

obj.text
obj.attrs


需求二:
通过程序自动登录github

post_dict = {
"phone": '111111111',
'password': 'xxx',
'oneMonth': 1
}
response = requests.post(
url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
data = post_dict
)

print(response.text)
cookie_dict = response.cookies.get_dict()


c. 模块详细使用
requests

- 方法关系
requests.get(.....)
requests.post(.....)
requests.put(.....)
requests.delete(.....)
...

requests.request('POST'...)
- 参数
request.request
- method: 提交方式
- url: 提交地址
- params: 在URL中传递的参数,GET
requests.request(
method='GET',
url= 'http://www.oldboyedu.com',
params = {'k1':'v1','k2':'v2'}
)
# http://www.oldboyedu.com?k1=v1&k2=v2
- data: 在请求体里传递的数据

requests.request(
method='POST',
url= 'http://www.oldboyedu.com',
params = {'k1':'v1','k2':'v2'},
data = {'use':'alex','pwd': '123','x':[11,2,3]}
)

请求头:
content-type: application/url-form-encod.....

请求体:
use=alex&pwd=123


- json 在请求体里传递的数据
requests.request(
method='POST',
url= 'http://www.oldboyedu.com',
params = {'k1':'v1','k2':'v2'},
json = {'use':'alex','pwd': '123'}
)
请求头:
content-type: application/json

请求体:
"{'use':'alex','pwd': '123'}"

PS: 字典中嵌套字典时

- headers 请求头

requests.request(
method='POST',
url= 'http://www.oldboyedu.com',
params = {'k1':'v1','k2':'v2'},
json = {'use':'alex','pwd': '123'},
headers={
'Referer': 'http://dig.chouti.com/',
'User-Agent': "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/56.0.2924.87 Safari/537.36"
}
)
- cookies Cookies



- files 上传文件

- auth 基本认知(headers中加入加密的用户名和密码)

- timeout 请求和响应的超市时间

- allow_redirects 是否允许重定向

- proxies 代理

- verify 是否忽略证书

- cert 证书文件

- stream 村长下大片

- session: 用于保存客户端历史访问信息


#!/usr/bin/env python
#-*- coding:utf-8 -*-
# Author: JianBao Yu

import requests

response = requests.get('http://www.autohome.com.cn/news/')
# response.text
# response.encoding = 'gbk'
response.encoding = response.apparent_encoding

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text,features='html.parser')
target = soup.find(id='auto-channel-lazyload-article')

li_list = target.find_all('li')

for i in li_list:
    a = i.find('a')
    if a:
        print(a.attrs.get('href'))
        txt = a.find('img')
        h3 = a.find('h3')
        src=txt.attrs.get('src')    #字符串
        print(h3)
        file_name = src.split('__')[-1]
        print(file_name)
        srcc = requests.get(src)
        if srcc:
            srcc.encoding = srcc.apparent_encoding
            with open(file_name,'wb') as f:
                f.write(srcc.content)


# print(target)
# http://www3.autoimg.cn/newsdfs/g21/M03/6D/10/120x90_0_autohomecar__wKgFVVkN_16ASy3oAABwKu_xtvs373.jpg

1.爬取汽车之家部分图片



#!/usr/bin/env python
#-*- coding:utf-8 -*-
# Author: JianBao Yu


import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
response = requests.get(
    url='http://www.autohome.com.cn/news/'
)
response.encoding = response.apparent_encoding
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text,features='html.parser')
target = soup.find(id='auto-channel-lazyload-article')
li_list = target.find_all('li')
for i in li_list:
    a = i.find('a')
    if a:
        print(a.attrs.get('href'))
        txt = a.find('h3').text # 什么类型?
        print(txt)
        img_url = a.find('img').attrs.get('src')
        print(img_url)

        img_response = requests.get(url=img_url)
        import uuid
        file_name = str(uuid.uuid4()) + '.jpg'
        with open(file_name,'wb') as f:
            f.write(img_response.content)



import requests
post_dict = {
    "phone": '8615131255089',
    'password': 'woshiniba',
    'oneMonth': 1
}
response = requests.post(
    url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
    data=post_dict
)
print(response.text)
cookie_dict = response.cookies.get_dict()
print(cookie_dict)

response = requests.get(
    url='http://dig.chouti.com/profile',
    cookies=cookie_dict
)
print(response.text)



import requests
#带着cookies去点赞
ret = requests.post(
    url='http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=11825081',
    cookies={
        'gpsd': 'c9c202cc9fe82779c2bf87b34809019b'
    }
)
print(ret.text)




import requests
#使用session对象,不需要再带cookies去登陆和和获取信息
session = requests.Session()

### 1、首先登陆任何页面,获取cookie
i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")

### 2、用户登陆,携带上一次的cookie,后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
i2 = session.post(
    url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
    data={
        'phone': "8615131255089",
        'password': "woshiniba",
        'oneMonth': ""
    }
)

i3 = session.post(
    url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=11837086",
)
print(i3.text)



import requests
#使用代理,通过代理发送请求,不需要通过本机
post_dict = {
    "phone": '8615131255089',
    'password': 'woshiniba',
    'oneMonth': 1
}
response = requests.post(
    url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
    data=post_dict,
    proxys={
        'http': "http://4.19.128.5:8099"
    }
)




import requests

#文件上传
# requests.post(
#     url='xxx',
#     files={
#         'f1': open('s1.py','rb'),
#         'f2': ('ssssss1.py',open('s1.py','rb'))  #可以是元组的形式,ssssss1上传到服务器的文件名
#     }
# )


#授权
def param_auth():
    #请求头的验证,通过请求头的用户名和密码进行加密,放在请求头发送。
    from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth

    ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))
    #路由器后台管理,遵循请求头验证。
    # ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user',headers={'Authorization':_basic_auth_str(self.username, self.password)})

    print(ret.text)

    # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',
    # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))
    # ret.encoding = 'gbk'
    # print(ret.text)

    # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
    # print(ret)
    #



import requests



# requests.post(
#     url='xxx',
#     files={
#         'f1': open('s1.py','rb'),
#         'f2': ('ssssss1.py',open('s1.py','rb'))
#     }
# )


requests.get(
    url='https:xxxx',
    # verify=False             #是否需要进行证书验证,false就不用证书验证,忽略证书的存在。
    # cert='fuck.pem'          #是个证书,服务器端给的证书格式
    # cert=('fuck.crt','xxx.key')       #支持两个证书验证,可以合并处理等
)

2.部分使用案例。


requests

Python标准库中提供了:urllib、urllib2、httplib等模块以供Http请求,但是,它的 API 太渣了。它是为另一个时代、另一个互联网所创建的。它需要巨量的工作,甚至包括各种方法覆盖,来完成最简单的任务。

Requests 是使用 Apache2 Licensed 许可证的 基于Python开发的HTTP 库,其在Python内置模块的基础上进行了高度的封装,从而使得Pythoner进行网络请求时,变得美好了许多,使用Requests可以轻而易举的完成浏览器可有的任何操作。

1、GET请求

# 1、无参数实例

  

import requests

  

ret = requests.get('https://github.com/timeline.json')

  

print ret.url

print ret.text

  

  

  

# 2、有参数实例

  

import requests

  

payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}

ret = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=payload)

  

print ret.url

print ret.text

2、POST请求

# 1、基本POST实例

  

import requests

  

payload = {'key1': 'value1', 'key2': 'value2'}

ret = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", data=payload)

  

print ret.text

  

  

# 2、发送请求头和数据实例

  

import requests

import json

  

url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint'

payload = {'some': 'data'}

headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}

  

ret = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload), headers=headers)

  

print ret.text

print ret.cookies

3、其他请求

requests.get(url, params=None, **kwargs)

requests.post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs)

requests.put(url, data=None, **kwargs)

requests.head(url, **kwargs)

requests.delete(url, **kwargs)

requests.patch(url, data=None, **kwargs)

requests.options(url, **kwargs)

  

# 以上方法均是在此方法的基础上构建

requests.request(method, url, **kwargs)

4、更多参数

def request(method, url, **kwargs):
    """Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.

    :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.
    :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query string for the :class:`Request`.
    :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.
    :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.
    :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.
    :param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.
        ``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``
        or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string
        defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers
        to add for the file.
    :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.
    :param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send data
        before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read
        timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.
    :type timeout: float or tuple
    :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True if POST/PUT/DELETE redirect following is allowed.
    :type allow_redirects: bool
    :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.
    :param verify: (optional) whether the SSL cert will be verified. A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. Defaults to ``True``.
    :param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.
    :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.
    :return: :class:`Response <Response>` object
    :rtype: requests.Response

    Usage::

      >>> import requests
      >>> req = requests.request('GET', 'http://httpbin.org/get')
      <Response [200]>
    """

def param_method_url():
    # requests.request(method='get', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
    # requests.request(method='post', url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/')
    pass


def param_param():
    # - 可以是字典
    # - 可以是字符串
    # - 可以是字节(ascii编码以内)

    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params="k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3")

    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=k2&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))

    # 错误
    # requests.request(method='get',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # params=bytes("k1=v1&k2=水电费&k3=v3&k3=vv3", encoding='utf8'))
    pass


def param_data():
    # 可以是字典
    # 可以是字符串
    # 可以是字节
    # 可以是文件对象

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data="k1=v1; k2=v2; k3=v3; k3=v4"
    # )

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data="k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4",
    # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
    # )

    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # data=open('data_file.py', mode='r', encoding='utf-8'), # 文件内容是:k1=v1;k2=v2;k3=v3;k3=v4
    # headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
    # )
    pass


def param_json():
    # 将json中对应的数据进行序列化成一个字符串,json.dumps(...)
    # 然后发送到服务器端的body中,并且Content-Type是 {'Content-Type': 'application/json'}
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'})


def param_headers():
    # 发送请求头到服务器端
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     json={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': '水电费'},
                     headers={'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded'}
                     )


def param_cookies():
    # 发送Cookie到服务器端
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
                     cookies={'cook1': 'value1'},
                     )
    # 也可以使用CookieJar(字典形式就是在此基础上封装)
    from http.cookiejar import CookieJar
    from http.cookiejar import Cookie

    obj = CookieJar()
    obj.set_cookie(Cookie(version=0, name='c1', value='v1', port=None, domain='', path='/', secure=False, expires=None,
                          discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False,
                          port_specified=False, domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path_specified=False)
                   )
    requests.request(method='POST',
                     url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
                     data={'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 'v2'},
                     cookies=obj)


def param_files():
    # 发送文件
    # file_dict = {
    # 'f1': open('readme', 'rb')
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # files=file_dict)

    # 发送文件,定制文件名
    # file_dict = {
    # 'f1': ('test.txt', open('readme', 'rb'))
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # files=file_dict)

    # 发送文件,定制文件名
    # file_dict = {
    # 'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf")
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    # url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    # files=file_dict)

    # 发送文件,定制文件名
    # file_dict = {
    #     'f1': ('test.txt', "hahsfaksfa9kasdjflaksdjf", 'application/text', {'k1': '0'})
    # }
    # requests.request(method='POST',
    #                  url='http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/',
    #                  files=file_dict)

    pass


def param_auth():
    from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth, HTTPDigestAuth

    ret = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('wupeiqi', 'sdfasdfasdf'))
    print(ret.text)

    # ret = requests.get('http://192.168.1.1',
    # auth=HTTPBasicAuth('admin', 'admin'))
    # ret.encoding = 'gbk'
    # print(ret.text)

    # ret = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/digest-auth/auth/user/pass', auth=HTTPDigestAuth('user', 'pass'))
    # print(ret)
    #


def param_timeout():
    # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=1)
    # print(ret)

    # ret = requests.get('http://google.com/', timeout=(5, 1))
    # print(ret)
    pass


def param_allow_redirects():
    ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', allow_redirects=False)
    print(ret.text)


def param_proxies():
    # proxies = {
    # "http": "61.172.249.96:80",
    # "https": "http://61.185.219.126:3128",
    # }

    # proxies = {'http://10.20.1.128': 'http://10.10.1.10:5323'}

    # ret = requests.get("http://www.proxy360.cn/Proxy", proxies=proxies)
    # print(ret.headers)


    # from requests.auth import HTTPProxyAuth
    #
    # proxyDict = {
    # 'http': '77.75.105.165',
    # 'https': '77.75.105.165'
    # }
    # auth = HTTPProxyAuth('username', 'mypassword')
    #
    # r = requests.get("http://www.google.com", proxies=proxyDict, auth=auth)
    # print(r.text)

    pass


def param_stream():
    ret = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/test/', stream=True)
    print(ret.content)
    ret.close()

    # from contextlib import closing
    # with closing(requests.get('http://httpbin.org/get', stream=True)) as r:
    # # 在此处理响应。
    # for i in r.iter_content():
    # print(i)


def requests_session():
    import requests

    session = requests.Session()

    ### 1、首先登陆任何页面,获取cookie

    i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")

    ### 2、用户登陆,携带上一次的cookie,后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
    i2 = session.post(
        url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
        data={
            'phone': "8615131255089",
            'password': "xxxxxx",
            'oneMonth': ""
        }
    )

    i3 = session.post(
        url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589623",
    )
    print(i3.text)

官方文档:http://cn.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/user/quickstart.html#id4

BeautifulSoup

BeautifulSoup是一个模块,该模块用于接收一个HTML或XML字符串,然后将其进行格式化,之后遍可以使用他提供的方法进行快速查找指定元素,从而使得在HTML或XML中查找指定元素变得简单。

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

 

html_doc = """

<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>

<body>

asdf

    <div class="title">

        <b>The Dormouse's story总共</b>

        <h1>f</h1>

    </div>

<div class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were

    <a  class="sister0" id="link1">Els<span>f</span>ie</a>,

    <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and

    <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;

and they lived at the bottom of a well.</div>

ad<br/>sf

<p class="story">...</p>

</body>

</html>

"""

 

soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, features="lxml")

# 找到第一个a标签

tag1 = soup.find(name='a')

# 找到所有的a标签

tag2 = soup.find_all(name='a')

# 找到id=link2的标签

tag3 = soup.select('#link2')

安装:

?
1
pip3 install beautifulsoup4

使用示例:

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
html_doc = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
<body>
...
</body>
</html>
"""
soup = BeautifulSoup(html_doc, features="lxml")

1. name,标签名称

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# tag = soup.find('a')
# name = tag.name # 获取
# print(name)
# tag.name = 'span' # 设置
# print(soup)

2. attr,标签属性

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# tag = soup.find('a')
# attrs = tag.attrs # 获取
# print(attrs)
# tag.attrs = {'ik':123} # 设置
# tag.attrs['id'] = 'iiiii' # 设置
# print(soup)

3. children,所有子标签

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# body = soup.find('body')
# v = body.children

4. children,所有子子孙孙标签

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# body = soup.find('body')
# v = body.descendants

5. clear,将标签的所有子标签全部清空(保留标签名)

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# tag = soup.find('body')
# tag.clear()
# print(soup)

6. decompose,递归的删除所有的标签

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# body = soup.find('body')
# body.decompose()
# print(soup)

7. extract,递归的删除所有的标签,并获取删除的标签

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# body = soup.find('body')
# v = body.extract()
# print(soup)

8.decode,转换为字符串(含当前标签);decode_contents(不含当前标签)

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# body = soup.find('body')
# v = body.decode()
# v = body.decode_contents()
# print(v)

9.encode,转换为字节(含当前标签);encode_contents(不含当前标签)

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# body = soup.find('body')
# v = body.encode()
# v = body.encode_contents()
# print(v)

10.find,获取匹配的第一个标签

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# tag = soup.find('a')
# print(tag)
# tag = soup.find(name='a', attrs={'class': 'sister'}, recursive=True, text='Lacie')
# tag = soup.find(name='a', class_='sister', recursive=True, text='Lacie')
# print(tag)

11. find_all,获取匹配的所有标签

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# tags = soup.find_all('a')
# print(tags)
# tags = soup.find_all('a',limit=1)
# print(tags)
# tags = soup.find_all(name='a', attrs={'class': 'sister'}, recursive=True, text='Lacie')
# # tags = soup.find(name='a', class_='sister', recursive=True, text='Lacie')
# print(tags)
# ####### 列表 #######
# v = soup.find_all(name=['a','div'])
# print(v)
# v = soup.find_all(class_=['sister0', 'sister'])
# print(v)
# v = soup.find_all(text=['Tillie'])
# print(v, type(v[0]))
# v = soup.find_all(id=['link1','link2'])
# print(v)
# v = soup.find_all(href=['link1','link2'])
# print(v)
# ####### 正则 #######
import re
# rep = re.compile('p')
# rep = re.compile('^p')
# v = soup.find_all(name=rep)
# print(v)
# rep = re.compile('sister.*')
# v = soup.find_all(class_=rep)
# print(v)
# rep = re.compile('http://www.oldboy.com/static/.*')
# v = soup.find_all(href=rep)
# print(v)
# ####### 方法筛选 #######
# def func(tag):
# return tag.has_attr('class') and tag.has_attr('id')
# v = soup.find_all(name=func)
# print(v)
# ## get,获取标签属性
# tag = soup.find('a')
# v = tag.get('id')
# print(v)

12.has_attr,检查标签是否具有该属性

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# tag = soup.find('a')
# v = tag.has_attr('id')
# print(v)

13.get_text,获取标签内部文本内容

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# tag = soup.find('a')
# v = tag.get_text('id')
# print(v)

14.index,检查标签在某标签中的索引位置

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# tag = soup.find('body')
# v = tag.index(tag.find('div'))
# print(v)
# tag = soup.find('body')
# for i,v in enumerate(tag):
# print(i,v)

15.is_empty_element,是否是空标签(是否可以是空)或者自闭合标签,

判断是否是如下标签:'br' , 'hr', 'input', 'img', 'meta','spacer', 'link', 'frame', 'base'

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# tag = soup.find('br')
# v = tag.is_empty_element
# print(v)

16. 当前的关联标签

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# soup.next
# soup.next_element
# soup.next_elements
# soup.next_sibling
# soup.next_siblings
#
# tag.previous
# tag.previous_element
# tag.previous_elements
# tag.previous_sibling
# tag.previous_siblings
#
# tag.parent
# tag.parents

17. 查找某标签的关联标签

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# tag.find_next(...)
# tag.find_all_next(...)
# tag.find_next_sibling(...)
# tag.find_next_siblings(...)
# tag.find_previous(...)
# tag.find_all_previous(...)
# tag.find_previous_sibling(...)
# tag.find_previous_siblings(...)
# tag.find_parent(...)
# tag.find_parents(...)
# 参数同find_all

18.select,select_one, CSS选择器

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soup.select("title")
soup.select("p nth-of-type(3)")
soup.select("body a")
soup.select("html head title")
tag = soup.select("span,a")
soup.select("head > title")
soup.select("p > a")
soup.select("p > a:nth-of-type(2)")
soup.select("p > #link1")
soup.select("body > a")
soup.select("#link1 ~ .sister")
soup.select("#link1 + .sister")
soup.select(".sister")
soup.select("[class~=sister]")
soup.select("#link1")
soup.select("a#link2")
soup.select('a[href]')
soup.select('a[href="http://example.com/elsie"]')
soup.select('a[href^="http://example.com/"]')
soup.select('a[href$="tillie"]')
soup.select('a[href*=".com/el"]')
from bs4.element import Tag
def default_candidate_generator(tag):
for child in tag.descendants:
if not isinstance(child, Tag):
continue
if not child.has_attr('href'):
continue
yield child
tags = soup.find('body').select("a", _candidate_generator=default_candidate_generator)
print(type(tags), tags)
from bs4.element import Tag
def default_candidate_generator(tag):
for child in tag.descendants:
if not isinstance(child, Tag):
continue
if not child.has_attr('href'):
continue
yield child
tags = soup.find('body').select("a", _candidate_generator=default_candidate_generator, limit=1)
print(type(tags), tags)

19.标签的内容

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# tag = soup.find('span')
# print(tag.string) # 获取
# tag.string = 'new content' # 设置
# print(soup)
# tag = soup.find('body')
# print(tag.string)
# tag.string = 'xxx'
# print(soup)
# tag = soup.find('body')
# v = tag.stripped_strings # 递归内部获取所有标签的文本
# print(v)

20.append在当前标签内部追加一个标签

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# tag = soup.find('body')
# tag.append(soup.find('a'))
# print(soup)
#
# from bs4.element import Tag
# obj = Tag(name='i',attrs={'id': 'it'})
# obj.string = '我是一个新来的'
# tag = soup.find('body')
# tag.append(obj)
# print(soup)

21.insert在当前标签内部指定位置插入一个标签

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# from bs4.element import Tag
# obj = Tag(name='i', attrs={'id': 'it'})
# obj.string = '我是一个新来的'
# tag = soup.find('body')
# tag.insert(2, obj)
# print(soup)

22.insert_after,insert_before 在当前标签后面或前面插入

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# from bs4.element import Tag
# obj = Tag(name='i', attrs={'id': 'it'})
# obj.string = '我是一个新来的'
# tag = soup.find('body')
# # tag.insert_before(obj)
# tag.insert_after(obj)
# print(soup)

23.replace_with 在当前标签替换为指定标签

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# from bs4.element import Tag
# obj = Tag(name='i', attrs={'id': 'it'})
# obj.string = '我是一个新来的'
# tag = soup.find('div')
# tag.replace_with(obj)
# print(soup)

24.创建标签之间的关系

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# tag = soup.find('div')
# a = soup.find('a')
# tag.setup(previous_sibling=a)
# print(tag.previous_sibling)

25.wrap,将指定标签把当前标签包裹起来

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# from bs4.element import Tag
# obj1 = Tag(name='div', attrs={'id': 'it'})
# obj1.string = '我是一个新来的'
#
# tag = soup.find('a')
# v = tag.wrap(obj1)
# print(soup)
# tag = soup.find('a')
# v = tag.wrap(soup.find('p'))
# print(soup)

26.unwrap,去掉当前标签,将保留其包裹的标签

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# tag = soup.find('a')
# v = tag.unwrap()
# print(soup)

更多参数官方:http://beautifulsoup.readthedocs.io/zh_CN/v4.4.0/

一大波"自动登陆"示例

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import requests


# ############## 方式一 ##############
"""
# ## 1、首先登陆任何页面,获取cookie
i1 = requests.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
i1_cookies = i1.cookies.get_dict()

# ## 2、用户登陆,携带上一次的cookie,后台对cookie中的 gpsd 进行授权
i2 = requests.post(
    url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
    data={
        'phone': "8615131255089",
        'password': "xxooxxoo",
        'oneMonth': ""
    },
    cookies=i1_cookies
)

# ## 3、点赞(只需要携带已经被授权的gpsd即可)
gpsd = i1_cookies['gpsd']
i3 = requests.post(
    url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523",
    cookies={'gpsd': gpsd}
)

print(i3.text)
"""


# ############## 方式二 ##############
"""
import requests

session = requests.Session()
i1 = session.get(url="http://dig.chouti.com/help/service")
i2 = session.post(
    url="http://dig.chouti.com/login",
    data={
        'phone': "8615131255089",
        'password': "xxooxxoo",
        'oneMonth': ""
    }
)
i3 = session.post(
    url="http://dig.chouti.com/link/vote?linksId=8589523"
)
print(i3.text)

"""

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

# ############## 方式一 ##############
#
# # 1. 访问登陆页面,获取 authenticity_token
# i1 = requests.get('https://github.com/login')
# soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features='lxml')
# tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'})
# authenticity_token = tag.get('value')
# c1 = i1.cookies.get_dict()
# i1.close()
#
# # 1. 携带authenticity_token和用户名密码等信息,发送用户验证
# form_data = {
# "authenticity_token": authenticity_token,
#     "utf8": "",
#     "commit": "Sign in",
#     "login": "wupeiqi@live.com",
#     'password': 'xxoo'
# }
#
# i2 = requests.post('https://github.com/session', data=form_data, cookies=c1)
# c2 = i2.cookies.get_dict()
# c1.update(c2)
# i3 = requests.get('https://github.com/settings/repositories', cookies=c1)
#
# soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features='lxml')
# list_group = soup3.find(name='div', class_='listgroup')
#
# from bs4.element import Tag
#
# for child in list_group.children:
#     if isinstance(child, Tag):
#         project_tag = child.find(name='a', class_='mr-1')
#         size_tag = child.find(name='small')
#         temp = "项目:%s(%s); 项目路径:%s" % (project_tag.get('href'), size_tag.string, project_tag.string, )
#         print(temp)



# ############## 方式二 ##############
# session = requests.Session()
# # 1. 访问登陆页面,获取 authenticity_token
# i1 = session.get('https://github.com/login')
# soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, features='lxml')
# tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': 'authenticity_token'})
# authenticity_token = tag.get('value')
# c1 = i1.cookies.get_dict()
# i1.close()
#
# # 1. 携带authenticity_token和用户名密码等信息,发送用户验证
# form_data = {
#     "authenticity_token": authenticity_token,
#     "utf8": "",
#     "commit": "Sign in",
#     "login": "wupeiqi@live.com",
#     'password': 'xxoo'
# }
#
# i2 = session.post('https://github.com/session', data=form_data)
# c2 = i2.cookies.get_dict()
# c1.update(c2)
# i3 = session.get('https://github.com/settings/repositories')
#
# soup3 = BeautifulSoup(i3.text, features='lxml')
# list_group = soup3.find(name='div', class_='listgroup')
#
# from bs4.element import Tag
#
# for child in list_group.children:
#     if isinstance(child, Tag):
#         project_tag = child.find(name='a', class_='mr-1')
#         size_tag = child.find(name='small')
#         temp = "项目:%s(%s); 项目路径:%s" % (project_tag.get('href'), size_tag.string, project_tag.string, )
#         print(temp)

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import time

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

session = requests.Session()

i1 = session.get(
    url='https://www.zhihu.com/#signin',
    headers={
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
    }
)

soup1 = BeautifulSoup(i1.text, 'lxml')
xsrf_tag = soup1.find(name='input', attrs={'name': '_xsrf'})
xsrf = xsrf_tag.get('value')

current_time = time.time()
i2 = session.get(
    url='https://www.zhihu.com/captcha.gif',
    params={'r': current_time, 'type': 'login'},
    headers={
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
    })

with open('zhihu.gif', 'wb') as f:
    f.write(i2.content)

captcha = input('请打开zhihu.gif文件,查看并输入验证码:')
form_data = {
    "_xsrf": xsrf,
    'password': 'xxooxxoo',
    "captcha": 'captcha',
    'email': '424662508@qq.com'
}
i3 = session.post(
    url='https://www.zhihu.com/login/email',
    data=form_data,
    headers={
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
    }
)

i4 = session.get(
    url='https://www.zhihu.com/settings/profile',
    headers={
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_10_5) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/54.0.2840.98 Safari/537.36',
    }
)

soup4 = BeautifulSoup(i4.text, 'lxml')
tag = soup4.find(id='rename-section')
nick_name = tag.find('span',class_='name').string
print(nick_name)

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import re
import json
import base64

import rsa
import requests


def js_encrypt(text):
    b64der = 'MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQCp0wHYbg/NOPO3nzMD3dndwS0MccuMeXCHgVlGOoYyFwLdS24Im2e7YyhB0wrUsyYf0/nhzCzBK8ZC9eCWqd0aHbdgOQT6CuFQBMjbyGYvlVYU2ZP7kG9Ft6YV6oc9ambuO7nPZh+bvXH0zDKfi02prknrScAKC0XhadTHT3Al0QIDAQAB'
    der = base64.standard_b64decode(b64der)

    pk = rsa.PublicKey.load_pkcs1_openssl_der(der)
    v1 = rsa.encrypt(bytes(text, 'utf8'), pk)
    value = base64.encodebytes(v1).replace(b'\n', b'')
    value = value.decode('utf8')

    return value


session = requests.Session()

i1 = session.get('https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin')
rep = re.compile("'VerificationToken': '(.*)'")
v = re.search(rep, i1.text)
verification_token = v.group(1)

form_data = {
    'input1': js_encrypt('wptawy'),
    'input2': js_encrypt('asdfasdf'),
    'remember': False
}

i2 = session.post(url='https://passport.cnblogs.com/user/signin',
                  data=json.dumps(form_data),
                  headers={
                      'Content-Type': 'application/json; charset=UTF-8',
                      'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest',
                      'VerificationToken': verification_token}
                  )

i3 = session.get(url='https://i.cnblogs.com/EditDiary.aspx')

print(i3.text)

















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